Bolts vs. screws
Main article: Screw § Differentiation between bolt and screw
Bolted joint in vertical section
Screw joint
The distinction between a bolt and a screw is usually unclear and misunderstood. There are several practical differences, but most have some degree of overlap between bolts and screws.
The defining distinction, per Machinery’s Handbook, is in their intended purpose: Bolts are for the assembly of two unthreaded components, with the aid of a nut. Screws in contrast are used with components that have at least one containing its own thread.
Many screws and bolts can be either, depending on how they are used.
Bolts are often used to make a bolted joint. This is a combination of the nut applying an axial clamping force and also the shank of the bolt acting as a dowel, pinning the joint against sideways shear forces. For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank as this makes for a better dowel. The presence of the unthreaded shank has often been given as characteristic of bolts vs. screws, but this is coincidental rather than defining.
Where a fastener is used with a nut, it is a bolt rather than a screw.
Where a fastener forms its own thread in the component being fastened, it is a screw. This is most obviously so when the thread is tapered (i.e. traditional wood screws), precluding the use of a nut.
A screw must always be turned to assemble the joint. Many bolts are held fixed in place during assembly, either by a tool or by a design of non-rotating bolt, such as a carriage bolt, and only their nut is turned.
Metric hex head bolts with black coating
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